The potential for profiling endogenous metabolites in urine from male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to assess chemical exposures was explored using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Both one dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy was used for the assignment of metabolites in urine from unexposed fish.
Because fathead minnow urine is dilute, we lyophilized these samples prior to analysis. Furthermore, 1D 1H-NMR spectra of unlyophilized fathead minnow and rat urine were acquired to allow comparison of relative water...
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