upper mantle

(Geological Society of America) The Geological Society of America is pleased to announce the newest addition to its collection of premier peer-reviewed, earth-science journals.

Lithosphere is scheduled to launch in early 2009, and will focus on the tectonic processes that affect Earth's crust and upper mantle.

Content will highlight research that addresses how the surface, crust, and mantle interact to shape the physical and chemical evolution of the lithosphere at all spatial and temporal scales.

New observations from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter indicate that the crust and upper mantle of Mars are stiffer and colder than previously thought.

The findings suggest any liquid water that might exist below the planet's surface and any possible organisms living in that water, would be located deeper than scientists had suspected.