cytochrome p450

Ketoconazole (KTC) is a model pharmaceutical representing inidazole and triazole pesticides which inhibit fungal growth through blocking a cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated step in ergosterol biosynthesis.

Overall, our data indicate that, while KTC adversely affects steroidogenesis and reproduction in the fathead minnow, the fish can compensate to some degree to mitigate some effects of the fungicide.

For decades chlorpyrifos (CPS) has been one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides for a variety of agricultural and public health applications.

The extensive use of CPS inevitably results in exposure to a small number of the human population. It is believed that the chemical is metabolically oxidized to its oxygen analog, chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), which can cause acute toxicity in humans by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous systems.

The metabolical oxidization of CPS to CPO primarily occurs in livers by multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme isoforms.